Citation Wikipediaxkcd webcomic entitled Wikipedian ProtesterBroadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source not always the original source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not. References to single, machine readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nanopublications, a form of microattribution. Citations have several important purposes to uphold intellectual honesty or avoiding plagiarism,1 to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the authors argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used. 2 As Roark and Emerson have argued, citations relate to the way authors perceive the substance of their work, their position in the academic system, and the moral equivalency of their place, substance, and words. 3 Despite these attributes, many drawbacks and shortcoming of citation practices have been reported, including for example honorary citations, circumstantial citations, discriminatory citations, selective and arbitrary citations. 4The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford,5 Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association ASA, American Psychological Association APA, and other citations systems, because their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its advantages and disadvantages. Editors often specify the citation system to use. Bibliographies, and other list like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfill the true spirit of the term deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of ones ideas. ConcepteditA bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item. Citations should supply detail to identify the item uniquely. 6 Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, the arts, and the humanities. ContenteditCitation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include Book authors, book title, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate. 78Journal authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers. Newspaper authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication. Web site authors, article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed. Play inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods 4. For example, In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married Pushkin 4. Poem spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line numbers. For example For I must love because I live And life in me is what you give. Brennan, lines 1. Interview name of interviewer, interview descriptor ex. Unique identifierseditAlong with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to. SystemseditBroadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing. 1. However, the Council of Science Editors CSE adds a third, the citation name system. 1. Vancouver systemeditThe Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both. 1. The numbers refer to either footnotes notes at the end of the page or endnotes notes on a page at the end of the paper that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form. For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system without a full bibliography could look like The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. 1. The note, located either at the foot of the page footnote or at the end of the paper endnote would look like this 1. Elisabeth Kbler Ross, On Death and Dying New York Macmillan, 1. In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like 1. American Psychological Association, or APA, style is a citation format widely used in the field of the humanities. APA style uses both a reference page that collects. Kbler Ross, On Death and Dying 4. The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this Kbler Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York Macmillan, 1. In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading. 1. Parenthetical referencingeditParenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph. 1. An example of a parenthetical reference The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance Kbler Ross,1. Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called References, Bibliography, Works cited or Works consulted. In text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a tooltip. 1. This style makes citing easier and improves the readers experience. Citation name systemeditSuperscripted numbers are inserted at the point of reference, just as in the citationsequence system, but the citations are numbered according to the order of cited works at the end of the paper or book this list is often sorted alphabetically by author. Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles. 1. The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style. APA Style Handling Quotations, Citations, and References Selected by the Writing Center at Armstrong Atlantic State University, the examples in this handout are. Citation Machine helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite your book in APA format for free. There are three main ways to cite social media content in an APA Style paper generally with a URL, as a personal communication, and with a typical APA Style intext. A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in house variations as well, and some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods too Stephanus pagination for Plato Bekker numbers for Aristotle citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse or Shakespeare notation by play.
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