Boston Airport Could Start Charging To Pick Up And Drop Off Passengers For Environmental ReasonsOne of the best forms of transportation to and from an airportat least, for the person flyingis by a car that someone else is driving. You dont have to worry about missing a shuttle, parking fees, hauling bags forever or any of that. But, because we cant have nice things, a Boston airport wants to mess it all up. The Boston Globe reports that the Massachusetts Port Authority, which owns three airports in the state, agreed to study the effects of charging a fee to cars picking up and dropping off airline passengers at its Logan International Airport in Boston. The study should run until July 2. Globe and other outlets didnt report exactly how the study going to go down. Perhaps the weirdest thing about the fee proposal is how the Globe reports that Massport did it in conjunction with an environmental group thats seeking to curb congestion and air pollution. The airports added more than 1. Globe reports, and the environmental group thinks the more than 2. In return for charging people and helping our green earth, the environmental group said it wouldnt object to the airports expensive plan to add thousands of parking spaces. You know how people make their way into parking spaces By driving cars, and, usually, producing emissions. Sure, the car doesnt have to make a round trip each time a passenger is picked up or dropped off, but adding 5,0. From the Boston Globe Massport, which runs the airport, agreed to study the fee as part of a broad truce with the environmental group. One of the best forms of transportation to and from an airportat least, for the person flyingis by a car that someone else is driving. You dont have to worry.
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And unless youre a millionaire who thrives on the misery of the poor or whose life would be debilitated frommaybehaving one less extreme fine dining experience per month, this is good. The new tax would raise an estimated 7. The New York Times, with 5. Imagine youre a billionaire, and you pay a little extra per year to benefit someone who lives in the same city as you, a billionaire, but doesnt happen to earn a billion dollars per year. Is this a situation you could emotionally handleOr do you revel in the image of someone crying on the platform of a 7 train, somewhere out past Astoria, crying because theyre going to be late for work, again, and potentially lose their job Are you happy If youve noticed an uptick in disgruntled Facebook posts from your New York City friends, youreRead more Read. The subway system is 1. If you dont have a social media stream infiltrated by New Yorkers bellowing about the current state of the subway, and need to brush up on why de Blasios pitching this idea, heres what you need to know the system is falling apart. Theres endless delays, derailments, overcrowded stations, nightmare rides, all leading to lost wages and jobs, and its because of a significant lack of funding thats plaguing the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operates the subway. An additional tax on the most well off residents in the cityat the benefit of all NYC residents, thereby reinforcing some semblance of the idea that government, and government services, exist to serve the people, and in order to do that the government needs a reasonable amount of money to adequately provide those servicesmakes sense. The city is the home to 8. Times, de Blasios proposed tax would barely put a dent in their annual gross income. The planwhich requires approval by Gov. Andrew Cuomo and the state legislature, according to the New York Postcalls for raising the citys highest income tax rate by about a half a percentage point for married couples with incomes above 1 million, to 4. Individuals who earn more than 5. Officials estimated the tax would be paid by about 3. Times says. What would a jump from 3. The New York Post, which expectedly drenched the top half of their story about the proposal with language to enrage the upper class, explains The tax hike would amount to an additional 2,7. City Hall. So, even at its lowest, the individual making 5. In other words, its onemaybe twovery nice dinners per month for this person. The compromise sure seems reasonable when stacked against the resident who lives in the outer boroughs and has to cobble together 1. Manhattan for a restaurant job, but it didnt take long for some observers to inject objectively dumb points of view into the situation. Take Ari Fleischer, a flack who made a living by selling the nation lies about the Iraq War and now exists to willingly apologize for Donald Trump Putting Fleischers moronic flat tax argument aside for a moment, floating the idea that its acceptable to tax someone who earns 1. The research team took DNA samples from several species of African Moggridgea spiders, the Australian oddball spider Moggridgea rainbowi, and some other close. Wasted money on unreliable and slow multihosters LinkSnappy is the only multihost that works. Download from ALL Filehosts as a premium user at incredibly fast speeds Cro can you do a little thing for me I downloaded amazing spider man 2 from your but when I start installation after 5 percent it say that archive file is corrupted. Can sum1 post need for speed the run with rapidshare links please, you dont have to wait for the download and most of the time they are fast downloaders i dont mind. Fleischer and continuously give him a platform to weigh in. Fleischers earlier point was that de Blasios tax would give low income residents access to the subway for free, which is demonstrably untrue, but a lie hasnt stopped him before. Why would a flat tax be dumb, though Hamilton Nolan summarized it excellently a couple years ago in Gawker Our whole progressive tax code, in which tax rates go up as income rises broadly speaking, is based on the idea that as people get richer and richer, they can afford to contribute more to the public good, whereas people who are very poor cannot afford to contribute as great a percentage, because they need that money in a much more acute way. The progressive tax code, in other words, is based upon reality. A flat tax is based upon a fantasy that a millionaire and a minimum wage earner can both afford to pay the same percentage their salary towards the public treasury. The flat taxs appeal is a millimeter deep the percentage is the same, therefore fairness existsbut a moments contemplation of it will reveal that it is a terrible policy for the poor. Until rich, contemptible morons like Fleischer and politicians who agree with him are either driven out of public life for good, or have a stunning come to Jesus moment, its hard to see the New York state legislature signing on to de Blasios plan. Financial, legislative, agricultural, and all the other most important news about the cannabis industry. A Collection of Free Responsive Blogger Templates, BloggerCSS3 Website Templates. Download High Quality and Latest Free Blogger Templates. Store share your files with uploaded. Learn more about our services videoAfter entering your e. Mail addres and receipt of your registration youll simultaneously receive your personal access data from us. Most cracked softwares is here to FTP download, pls Ctrl F to search them. 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Generally the combination of both the in body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not. References to single, machine readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nanopublications, a form of microattribution. Citations have several important purposes to uphold intellectual honesty or avoiding plagiarism,1 to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the authors argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used. 2 As Roark and Emerson have argued, citations relate to the way authors perceive the substance of their work, their position in the academic system, and the moral equivalency of their place, substance, and words. 3 Despite these attributes, many drawbacks and shortcoming of citation practices have been reported, including for example honorary citations, circumstantial citations, discriminatory citations, selective and arbitrary citations. 4The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford,5 Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association ASA, American Psychological Association APA, and other citations systems, because their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its advantages and disadvantages. Editors often specify the citation system to use. Bibliographies, and other list like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfill the true spirit of the term deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of ones ideas. ConcepteditA bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item. Citations should supply detail to identify the item uniquely. 6 Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, the arts, and the humanities. ContenteditCitation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include Book authors, book title, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate. 78Journal authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers. Newspaper authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication. Web site authors, article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed. Play inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods 4. For example, In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married Pushkin 4. Poem spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line numbers. For example For I must love because I live And life in me is what you give. Brennan, lines 1. Interview name of interviewer, interview descriptor ex. Unique identifierseditAlong with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to. SystemseditBroadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing. 1. However, the Council of Science Editors CSE adds a third, the citation name system. 1. Vancouver systemeditThe Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both. 1. The numbers refer to either footnotes notes at the end of the page or endnotes notes on a page at the end of the paper that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form. For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system without a full bibliography could look like The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. 1. The note, located either at the foot of the page footnote or at the end of the paper endnote would look like this 1. Elisabeth Kbler Ross, On Death and Dying New York Macmillan, 1. In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like 1. American Psychological Association, or APA, style is a citation format widely used in the field of the humanities. APA style uses both a reference page that collects. Kbler Ross, On Death and Dying 4. The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this Kbler Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York Macmillan, 1. In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading. 1. Parenthetical referencingeditParenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph. 1. An example of a parenthetical reference The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance Kbler Ross,1. Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called References, Bibliography, Works cited or Works consulted. In text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a tooltip. 1. This style makes citing easier and improves the readers experience. Citation name systemeditSuperscripted numbers are inserted at the point of reference, just as in the citationsequence system, but the citations are numbered according to the order of cited works at the end of the paper or book this list is often sorted alphabetically by author. Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles. 1. The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style. APA Style Handling Quotations, Citations, and References Selected by the Writing Center at Armstrong Atlantic State University, the examples in this handout are. Citation Machine helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite your book in APA format for free. There are three main ways to cite social media content in an APA Style paper generally with a URL, as a personal communication, and with a typical APA Style intext. A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in house variations as well, and some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods too Stephanus pagination for Plato Bekker numbers for Aristotle citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse or Shakespeare notation by play. 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Windows Media Video Wikipedia.This article is about video encoding and decoding software.For container file format, see.Windows Media Video WMV is the name of a series of video codecs and their corresponding video coding formats developed by Microsoft.It is part of the Windows Media framework.USlc-7V9MSs/0.jpg' alt='Apple Prores 422 Codec For Adobe Media Encoder Wmv' title='Apple Prores 422 Codec For Adobe Media Encoder Wmv' />WMV consists of three distinct codecs The original video compression technology known as WMV, was originally designed for Internet streaming applications, as a competitor to Real.Video. The other compression technologies, WMV Screen and WMV Image, cater for specialized content.After standardization by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SMPTE,12 WMV version 9 was adopted for physical delivery formats such as HD DVD and Blu ray Disc and became known as VC 1.Microsoft also developed a digital container format called Advanced Systems Format to store video encoded by Windows Media Video.HistoryeditIn 2. Microsoft drafted a video compression specification based on its WMV 9 format and submitted it to SMPTE for standardization.The standard was officially approved in March 2.SMPTE 4. 21. M, better known as VC 1, thus making the WMV 9 format an open standard.VC 1 became one of the three video formats for the Blu ray video disc, along with H.MPEG 2 Part 2 and H.MPEG 4 AVC. 34Container formateditA WMV file uses the Advanced Systems Format ASF container format to encapsulate the encoded multimedia content.While the ASF can encapsulate multimedia in other encodings than those the WMV file standard specifies, those ASF files should use the.ASFfile extension and not the.WMV file extension.The ASF container can optionally support digital rights management using a combination of elliptic curve cryptography key exchange, DES block cipher, a custom block cipher, RC4 stream cipher and the SHA 1 hashing function.Although WMV is generally packed into the ASF container format, it can also be put into the Matroska6 or AVI container format.The resulting files have the.MKV and. AVI file extensions, respectively.One common way to store WMV in an AVI file is to use the WMV 9 Video Compression Manager VCM codec implementation.Video compression formatseditWindows Media Videoedit.Lets see what video and audio files Sony Vegas Pro support and then you will know what files you can import to Sony Vegas Pro for editing.Windows Media Video WMV is the name of a series of video codecs and their corresponding video coding formats developed by Microsoft.It is part of the Windows Media.Is Your Footage Suffering from the Massive Difference in Export Quality Between FCPX Premiere SMPTE 421M, informally known as VC1, is a video coding format.It was initially developed as the proprietary video format Windows Media Video 9 by Microsoft in 2003.Diagram illustrating the relative frame sizes of several common video resolutions targeted by Windows Media Video 9 Professional, starting with 4.Windows Media Video WMV is the most recognized video compression format within the WMV family.Usage of the term WMV often refers to the Microsoft Windows Media Video format only.Images/previews/cinec_1.6.png' alt='Apple Prores 422 Codec For Adobe Media Encoder Wmv' title='Apple Prores 422 Codec For Adobe Media Encoder Wmv' />Its main competitors are MPEG 4 AVC, AVS, Real.Video, and MPEG 4 ASP.The first version of the format, WMV 7, was introduced in 1.Microsofts implementation of MPEG 4 Part 2.Continued proprietary development led to newer versions of the format, but the bit stream syntax was not frozen until WMV 9.While all versions of WMV support variable bit rate, average bit rate, and constant bit rate, WMV 9 introduced several important features including native support for interlaced video, non square pixels, and frame interpolation.WMV 9 also introduced a new profile titled Windows Media Video 9 Professional,1.It is targeted towards high definition video content, at resolutions such as 7.The Simple and Main profile levels in WMV 9 are compliant with the same profile levels in the VC 1 specification.The Advanced Profile in VC 1 is implemented in a new WMV format called Windows Media Video 9 Advanced Profile.It improves compression efficiency for interlaced content and is made transport independent, making it able to be encapsulated in an MPEG transport stream or RTP packet format.The format is not compatible with previous WMV 9 formats, however.WMV is a mandatory video format for Plays.For. 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The Microsoft Zune, Xbox 3.Windows Mobile powered devices with Windows Media Player, as well as many uncertified devices, support the format.WMV HD mandates the use of WMV 9 for its certification program, at quality levels specified by Microsoft.WMV used to be the only supported video format for the Microsoft Silverlight platform, but the H.Windows Media Video ScreeneditWindows Media Video Screen WMV Screen are video formats that specialise in screencast content.They can capture live screen content, or convert video from third party screen capture programs into WMV 9 Screen files.They work best when the source material is mainly static and contains a small color palette.One of the uses for the format is computer step by step demonstration videos.The first version of the format was WMV 7 Screen.The second version, WMV 9 Screen, supports VBR encoding in addition to CBR.Additionally there is MSA1 aka MS ATC Screen codec or MSS3 which is used in Live Meeting 2.Four. CCs for the formats are MSS1, MSS2 and MSA1.Windows Media Video ImageeditWindows Media Video Image WMV Image is a video slideshow format.The format works by applying timing, panning and transition effects to a series of images during playback.The codec achieves a higher compression ratio and image quality than WMV 9 for still images as files encoded with WMV Image store static images rather than full motion video.Since the format relies on the decoder player to generate video frames in real time, playing WMV Image files even at moderate resolutions e.The latest version of the format, WMV 9.Image, used by Photo Story 3, features additional transformation effects, but is not compatible with the original WMV 9 Image format.Hardware support for WMV Image is available from Portable Media Centers, Windows Mobile powered devices with Windows Media Player 1.Mobile. 1. 5Since no known domestic DVD player supports this format, users of Photo Story 3 wishing to generate material capable of being played in a DVD player will first have to convert to MPEG 2 before burning a DVD average file sizes in MPEG 2 are 5 to 6 times the.VersionseditPublic Name.Four. CCDescription.Microsoft MPEG 4 version 1.MPG4. Video for Windows based codec.Non standard MPEG 4 codec incompatible with the later standardized version of MPEG 4 Part 2.Microsoft MPEG 4 version 2.MP4. 2Vf. W based codec.Non compliant with finalized MPEG 4 part 2 standard.Microsoft MPEG 4 version 3.MP4. 3Vf. W based codec.Non compliant with finalized MPEG 4 part 2 standard.Eventually locked for encoding only with ASF files build 3.AVI. 2. 1Microsoft ISO MPEG 4 version 1.MP4. SDirect. X Media Objects DMO based codec.MPEG 4 Simple Profile compliant.Microsoft ISO MPEG 4 version 1.M4. S2. MPEG 4 Advanced Simple Profile compliant.Windows Media Video 7.WMV1. DMO based codec.Windows Media Screen 7.MSS1. DMO based codec.Optimized for low bitrate sequential screen captures or screencasts.Deprecated in favor of Windows Media 9 Screen codec.Windows Media Video 8.WMV2. DMO based codec.Windows Media Video 9.WMV3. DMO based codec.Video for Windows Vf.WVCM version also available.Windows Media Video 9 Screen.MSS2. DMO based codec.Optimized for low bitrate sequential screen captures or screencasts.Windows Media Video 9.Image. WMVPDMO based codec.Optimized for encoding video from sequential bitmap images.Used, for instance, by Photo Story.Windows Media Video 9.Image V2. WVP2. DMO based codec.Optimized for encoding video from sequential bitmap images.Used, for instance, by Photo Story.Windows Media Video 9 Advanced Profile.WMVADMO based codec.Deprecated as non VC 1 compliant.Windows Media Video 9 Advanced Profile.WVC1. DMO based codec.VC 1 compliant format.Audio compression formatseditThe audio format used in conjunction with Windows Media Video is typically some version of Windows Media Audio, or in rarer cases, the deprecated Sipro ACELP.Microsoft recommends that ASF files containing non Windows Media formats use the generic.ASF file extension.PlayerseditSoftware that can play WMV files includes Windows Media Player, Real.Player, MPlayer, Media Player Classic, VLC Media Player and K Multimedia Player.The Microsoft Zune media management software supports the WMV format, but uses a Zune specific variation of Windows Media DRM which is used by Plays.For. Sure. Many third party players exist for various platforms such as Linux that use the FFmpeg implementation of the WMV format.On the Macintosh platform, Microsoft released a Power.Is Your Footage Suffering from the Massive Difference in Export Quality Between FCPX Premiere A rational person might assume that the program from which you export your media wouldnt have a noticeable impact on the quality of the final image, especially if the export settings are identical in both programs.A recent test by filmmaker Noam Kroll might just teach us to think twice before making assumptions.First, a little bit of background on Krolls test.Having noticed that exporting from Adobe Media Encoder yielded quicker results than using the same settings and exporting from FCPX, he tended to use Media Encoder for the bulk of his exporting.When a recently exported project came out with some nasty compression artifacts, blocky rendering of certain areas, and a noticeable change in color quality, Kroll put on his detectives hat and tried exporting again from FCPX.To his, and soon to be your, surprise, the exported result from FCPX yielded significantly higher image quality with the EXACT same export and compression settings.Dont believe it Have a look for yourself.According to Kroll, both FCP X and Premiere Pro were set to output a high quality H.The image on top was exported from FCPX and the bottom was exported from Premiere Pro.Exported from FCPXExported from Premiere Pro.In the shots above, youll notice more blocky compression artifacts in the version exported from Premiere, especially on the lower part of the womans face, and theres a fairly significant reddish hue thats been introduced into the midtones and shadows of the Premiere export.Heres a version of the same shot that is cropped in on the womans face by 4.This is where the difference between the two starts to become painfully obvious.Again, FCPX is on top, and Premiere on the bottom.Exported from FCPXExported from Premiere Pro.Heres the conclusion that Kroll came to in his post.After seeing this I can confidently say that I will not be compressing to H.Premiere Pro or Adobe Media Encoder any more.The image from Premiere is so much blockier, less detailed, and muddy looking, not to mention that the colors arent at all accurate.In fact I even did another output test later on with Premiere Pro set to 2.FCP X only set to 1.FCP X image was noticeably higher quality, so clearly something is up.Its really difficult to speculate as to whats going on behind the scenes thats causing such a drastic difference in results between the two programs.However, what is clear is that you should take caution when exporting to h.Premiere and Media Encoder.Regardless of the program that youre using, perform your own tests and make sure that the export process is leaving your media with a visual quality appropriate for the delivery medium.The good news here is that Adobe is extremely receptive to feedback from their user base, and their Creative Cloud subscription model allows them to roll out updates with a much higher frequency than they could with the boxed version of the Creative Suite.If more people are experiencing these problems and reporting it to Adobe, chances are that well see an update with fixes sometime in the near future.With that said, I have no idea how Adobe handles the technical process of exporting, so it could very well take a complete overhaul of how the program encodes h. How To Install Stone Facing Exterior Door' title='How To Install Stone Facing Exterior Door' />To Install Stucco Right, Include an Air Gap.In many areas of the country, hundreds of stucco clad homes have suffered wall rot.Although building scientists are still researching the causes of wall rot behind stucco, its clear that all of these walls got wet and were unable to dry.This past weekend, we took a few hours to install a new Kenmore Elite dishwasher.Were really pleased with it thus far, but we thought wed give it some more time.Supplier of elastomeric acrylic finishes for exterior walls.Where Does the Housewrap Go If your walls have exterior rigid foam, does the housewrap go under the foam or over the foam Resources include AIA contract documents, handbooks, guidelines, and MasterSpec.Among the reasons that have been proposed for the recent epidemic of stucco clad homes with wall rot Many of the houses had OSB sheathing.Material, usually plywood or oriented strand board OSB, but sometimes wooden boards, installed on the exterior of wall studs, rafters, or roof trusses siding or roofing installed on the sheathingsometimes over strapping to create a rainscreen.Many of the houses had only one layer of Grade D paper or asphalt felt under the stucco rather than two.The homes lacked a ventilated air gap between the stucco and the sheathing.In many of the homes, interior polyethylene prevented the walls from drying to the interior.Many of the homes had flashing errors.Some of the homes had high indoor humidity coupled with an imperfect air barrier.Building assembly components that work as a system to restrict air flow through the building envelope.Air barriers may or may not act as a vapor barrier.The air barrier can be on the exterior, the interior of the assembly, or both.If youre planning to install stucco on a wood framed wall, you can benefit from the many lessons learned from all of the failed stucco installations of the last twenty years.Before we tackle the question of how to avoid such failures, however, lets delve into some stories from the recent wall rot plague.A failure rate of 5.I wrote a special report on rotting stucco clad walls in Minnesota for the May 2.Energy Design Update.The article began, In Minnesota, home inspectors have discovered that hundreds of recently built homes especially stucco clad homes have rotting walls.In spite of years of efforts by construction experts to educate builders on improved water management details, wet walls continue to take a staggering toll on builders and insurance companies.According to Ron Glubka, the chief building official in Woodbury, Minnesota, the citys wet walls represent the largest construction defect problem in local history.Glubka reports that the building department has issued permits for wall repair work for 3.Woodbury in the 1.In most of the Minnesota cases, the necessary wall repair work has not been minor or cheap.In one case discussed in the November 1.Star Tribune, a Minneapolis newspaper, the stucco walls at the Woodbury home of Steve and Debbie Long required 1.The costs incurred boggle my mind, says Paul Ellringer, an engineer and building consultant in St.Paul, Minnesota. The worst case Ive seen is one where the repairs cost 7.Just in Minnesota, the problems have been costing hundreds of millions of dollars a year.Builders called to fix failed stucco often flub the repair.Unfortunately, the expensive repairs made to rotting stucco houses have themselves proved faulty.The Energy Design Update article noted, As further evidence that some Minnesota wall repairs have been based on faulty diagnosis, experts note that some rebuilt houses are beginning to fail for a second time.According to building consultant Mac.Gregor Pearce, In a significant number of houses, the repairs to the stucco have failed too.Among those who have seen failed rebuilds is Paul Ellringer.Ive had two clients where their house was rebuilt twice, said Ellringer.With one client, we are on the third rebuild.The earlier rebuilds failed because they keep redoing them the same way.Most rebuilds are feeble for example, they will just tape the window fins with four strips of tape rather than using a pan flashing.Building diagnostician Steve Klossner blames the failed rebuilds on bad diagnosis.Some of these buildings have had major fixes, and they are already failing a second time, because the first time around they didnt catch all the causative issues, says Klossner.At one house I saw, they blamed the windows, so they pan flashed the windows.The first time, they put it all back together and ignored a major problem elevated indoor humidity.Now the walls are wet again.Ellringer has seen so many rotting walls that he is prone to glum predictions.I think that eventually the failure rate for stucco homes will turn out to be 8.Ellringer. I also think the rebuilds will fail at the same rate as the original houses.A nationwide problem.Although the article focused on problems in Minnesota, similar clusters of wall rot problems have occurred throughout the country, wherever builders have installed stucco over wood framed walls.Although rot problems have occurred in walls with differing details, the most risky wall type appears to have the following layers stucco, one or two layers of building paper.Typically referring to Grade D building paper, this product is an asphalt impregnated kraft paper that looks a lot like a lightweight asphalt felt.The Grade D designation has come to mean that the building paper passes ASTM D7.D7. 79 results. At times confused with roofing felt, roofing felts and building paper differ in two ways felts are made of recycled content paper, building papers of virgin paper felts are made of a heavier stock paper building papers a lighter stock.See also roofing felt., OSB, fiberglass filled studs, polyethylene, and drywall.While it always helps to have two layers of building paper instead of one, or to use plywood instead of OSB, or to omit the polyethylene, switching just one of these details is not enough to prevent a wall from being damaged by moisture.So whats the best way to detail a stucco clad wall to avoid these problems Lesson one Install at least two layers of building wrap under the stucco.The evidence is overwhelming one layer of asphalt felt or Grade D building paper is not enough protection under stucco.This fact is now reflected in most building codes.For example, section R7.International Residential Code requires that exterior plaster stucco be installed over a water resistive vapor permeable barrier with a performance at least equivalent to two layers of Grade D paper. Free Car Seat Installation Mississauga Weather there. Lesson two Install a ventilated rainscreen gap.Many stucco installers believe that two layers of Grade D paper or asphalt felt creates a drainage gap between the two layers of paper.The idea is that when the wet stucco mixture is troweled onto the metal lath, the stucco soaks the outermost layer of paper, which wrinkles when it dries.These wrinkles are said to create a drainage gap.Although the theory has some merit, thousands of failed walls have shown that two layers of paper arent enough to prevent OSB from rotting.Whatever wrinkles exist in the paper are not enough to allow water to drain or to allow the stucco wall to dry faster than it gets wet.Stucco absorbs water every time it rains, and it dries very slowly.To prevent wet wall problems, its essential to include a true ventilated rainscreen gap behind stucco.The gap needs to measure at least 38 inch.If youre installing stucco over OSB or plywood, heres how to create a ventilated rainscreen gap If youre installing stucco over foam, heres how to create a ventilated rainscreen gap Install 1x.Fasten paper backed metal lath to the strapping, and proceed with a standard installation of three coat stucco.If your local building inspector raises questions about the number and size of the screws you plan to use to fasten your 1x.As long as you have an engineers stamp, your local building department should be happy.Lesson three Follow best practices for moisture management.It should be obvious that any house needs adequate flashing and moisture management details.However, such details are often missing or installed backwards.If your house has wide roof overhangs, your walls may survive such errors.If roof overhangs are stingy, however, and if your siding is a slow drying siding like stucco, your walls may be in trouble.So, here are the basics Asphalt felt, building paper, or housewrap must be lapped shingle fashion, so that upper courses lap over lower courses.Any window flashings or door flashings must be integrated with the water resistive barrier in a way that respects these laps.Windows and doors need pan flashing at sills and Z flashing at heads.Ideally, the Z flashing will include end dams. |
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